The Metamorphosing Professor: Adapting Teaching to Fulfill the Promise of Biology Education.

Teaching students at all levels of education has undergone extensive changes, particularly in the past decade. Our present student population has transformed dramatically in the 21st century due to the changing demographics of the nation, an increasing use of technology both inside and outside the classroom, along with an expectation to have information instantaneously available to peruse and utilize as a source of material. Today's instructors also need to adapt to these changes by assessing how well students are learning new concepts, as well as how much material students retain for future coursework. Here, we explore the recent history of science education, and the progress that has been made to overcome multiple learning obstacles, particularly relevant to PEERs (persons excluded because of their ethnicity or race) in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). We hope to provide insight into how educators are restructuring the way they design their teaching portfolios to provide better outcomes for the students of today's educational system.

Educar en el “hábito científico”: Modesto Bargalló y la ciencia en las aulas normalistas en España (1912-1939) / Educating in the scientific habit: Modesto Bargalló and science in normalist classrooms in Spain (1912-1939)

El presente trabajo indaga en los saberes, los espacios, las prácticas pedagógicas y la cultura material que definieron la adquisición del “hábito científico” como fin principal de la enseñanza de las ciencias en las aulas normalistas en España en el periodo 1912-1939. Para ello se desgrana y analiza el proyecto pedagógico de uno de los principales actores de la renovación pedagógica de la educación científica del primer tercio del siglo XX, el profesor Modesto Bargalló. A través de su obra se ahonda en el proceso de construcción de un modelo de educación científica dirigido a la formación científica ciudadana a través de la formación del profesorado (AU)

Tecnologias educacionais para o ensino de história da enfermagem: revisão integrativa / Tecnologías educativas para la enseñanza de la historia de enfermería: revisión integradora / Educational technologies for teaching nursing history: an integrative review

Resumo Objetivo Analisar na literatura as tecnologias educacionais para o ensino de história da enfermagem. Métodos Revisão integrativa, com busca e seleção em: CINAHL, MEDLINE via PubMed®, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS e BDENF, via BVS. Sete estudos publicados em português, inglês ou espanhol e sem recorte temporal foram incluídos. A análise foi procedida de forma descritiva e duas categorias temáticas foram elencadas: as tecnologias digitais e não digitais para o ensino de história da enfermagem. Resultados Nos estudos, identificaram-se tecnologias digitais, como sites, objeto e ambiente virtual de aprendizagem e não digitais, como séries de televisão, literatura de cordel e textos impressos. Houve crescente interesse de pesquisadores pela implementação de tecnologias para o ensino e a aprendizagem da história da enfermagem, sendo expresso pelo aumento do número de produções nos últimos 10 anos. Conclusão As tecnologias educacionais digitais e não digitais contribuem para o ensino de história da enfermagem, por serem recursos válidos, seguros, efetivos, atrativos e motivacionais para a aprendizagem ativa, assim como para o desenvolvimento da capacidade crítica e reflexiva na conformação identitária.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar en la literatura las tecnologías educativas para la enseñanza de historia de la enfermería. Métodos Revisión integradora, con búsqueda y selección en: CINAHL, MEDLINE vía PubMed®, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS y BDENF, vía BVS. Se incluyeron siete estudios publicados en portugués, inglés o español y sin recorte temporal. El análisis fue realizado de forma descriptiva y se relacionaron dos categorías temáticas: las tecnologías digitales y las no digitales para la enseñanza de la historia de la enfermería. Resultados En los estudios se identificaron tecnologías digitales, como páginas web, objeto y ambiente virtual de aprendizaje y no digitales, como series de televisión, literatura de cordel y textos impresos. Hubo un creciente interés de los investigadores por la implementación de tecnologías para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de la historia de la enfermería, lo que se expresa por el aumento del número de producciones en los últimos 10 años. Conclusión Las tecnologías educativas digitales y no digitales contribuyen para la enseñanza de historia de la enfermería, porque son recursos válidos, seguros, efectivos, atractivos y motivacionales para el aprendizaje activo, así como para el desarrollo de la capacidad crítica y reflexiva en la conformación identitaria.

Abstract Objective To analyze the literature in educational technologies for teaching nursing history. Methods Integrative review of the literature, with search and selection in CINAHL, MEDLINE via PubMed®, Web of Science, SCOPUS, LILACS, and BDENF via VHL. Seven studies published in Portuguese, English, and Spanish without a time frame were included. We descriptively proceeded with the analysis, and we organized two thematic categories: the digital and non-digital technologies for teaching nursing history. Results In the studies, we identified digital technologies, such as websites, virtual learning environments and objects, and non-digital, such as television series, Cordel literature, and printed texts. There was an increasing interest of researchers in the implantation of technologies for teaching nursing history, expressed by the increase in the number of studies in the last ten years. Conclusion Digital and non-digital educational technologies contributed to nursing history teaching by being valid, safe, effective, attractive, and motivational for active learning, as well as for the development of the critical and reflective ability in the identity conformation.

Historia de la Ortopedia y Traumatología en la provincia de Matanzas / History of Orthopedics and Traumatology in Matanzas Province

Introducción: El presente trabajo aborda la historia de la especialidad de Ortopedia y Traumatología desde el momento de su aparición en la provincia de Matanzas en el período pre revolucionario, hasta la actualidad. Objetivos: Exponer las evidencias históricas que muestran el derrotero de esta especialidad, y las figuras que jugaron y juegan un papel importante en la formación de especialistas. Métodos: Se utilizó el método de revisión documental sobre el tema, que contempló los documentos editados de 1941 al 2020. Se confeccionó un cuestionario para recoger la información aportada por los testigos entrevistados. Se revisaron los artículos publicados en la revista Médica que se encuentran en la Biblioteca Gener del Monte, de Matanzas (ejemplares únicos), así como otras investigaciones sobre la historia de la medicina matancera. Conclusiones: El esfuerzo desarrollado por la provincia desde el punto de vista asistencial, docente e investigativo ha contribuido a la preservación de la historia de la Ortopedia matancera y de sus actores para las actuales y futuras generaciones(AU)

Introduction: The present work addresses the history of the specialty of Orthopedics and Traumatology from the moment of its appearance in Matanzas province during the pre-revolutionary period, to the present day. Objectives: To show the historical evidence the historical evidence that displays the course of this specialty, and the personalities who played and play important roles in the training specialists. Methods: The document review method on the subject was used, considering the documents published from 1941 to 2020. A questionnaire was made to collect the information provided by the interviewed witnesses. The articles published in the Medical Journal found in Gener del Monte Library in Matanzas (single copies) were reviewed, as well as other investigations on the history of medicine in Matanzas. Conclusions: The effort established by the province, in care, teaching and research has contributed to the preservation of the history of Matanzas Orthopedics and its players for current and future generations(AU)

Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges, su legado en la formación de los estomatólogos de Sancti Spíritus / Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges, his legacy in the training of stomatologists in Sancti Spíritus

RESUMEN Fundamento: Marcelino Weiss fue un reconocido estomatólogo que luchó para que el dentista fuera un médico especializado. Objetivo: Describir la vida personal y profesional de Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges y su legado a la estomatología de Sancti Spíritus. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio relacionado con la historia en ciencias de la salud, sobre la vida de Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges desde su nacimiento en Sancti Spíritus 1877 hasta su fallecimiento en La Habana en 1927, para lo cual se confeccionó una estrategia de búsqueda de la información, se consultaron bases de datos disponibles en el portal de Infomed. Se emplearon métodos del nivel teórico y métodos empíricos. Conclusiones: La vida y obra del Dr. Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges constituye un paradigma a seguir para las actuales y futuras generaciones de profesionales de la estomatología espirituana. Por sus valores, destacada labor patriótica, notable trayectoria asistencial, docente e investigativa, logró el reconocimiento y la admiración de todos.

ABSTRACT Background: Marcelino Weiss was a renowned stomatologist who fought for the dentist to be a specialized physician. Objective: To describe the personal and professional life of Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges and his legacy to stomatology in Sancti Spíritus. Methodology: A study related to the history of health sciences was conducted on Marcelino´s Weiss y Gramatges life from his birth in Sancti Spíritus in 1877 to his death in Havana in 1927, for that, an information search strategy was prepared, some databases available on the Infomed site were consulted. Theoretical and empirical methods were used. Conclusions: The life and work of Dr. Marcelino Weiss y Gramatges is a paradigm to be followed by current and future generations from Sancti Spíritus dental professionals. For his values, outstanding patriotic work, and remarkable care, teaching and research career, he achieved total recognition and admiration.

Psicologia Pedagógica e desenvolvimento das funções psicológicas complexas: uma proposta entre tradição e renovação educacional / Pedagogical Psychology and development of complex psychological functions: a proposal between tradition and educational renewal

Esse artigo analisa a proposta de psicologia articulada à educação da obra Psychologie Pédagogique. L'enfant. L'adolescent. Le jeune homme (1916/1938a), à luz de um Aviso publicado na Revista do Ensino, em 1930, que indicava esse livro como leitura para professores no contexto de reforma educacional em Minas Gerais. O artigo investiga essas duas fontes, utilizando como referencial a definição de campo cultural da ciência de Feldhay, o conceito de acomodação proposto por Massimi e elaborações de Chartier sobre táticas de leitores, práticas de leitura e escolhas editoriais. O texto é organizado em três tópicos: recomendação de leituras para formação de professores; o valor e o limite do método científico na educação; psicologia pedagógica e funcionamento das funções superiores complexas. A pesquisa evidencia que a leitura de Psychologie Pédagogique foi recomendada por realizar uma acomodação entre a doutrina católica e os saberes pedagógicos modernos, bem como por apresentar uma Psicologia científica capaz de considerar a dimensão espiritual e sobrenatural do ser humano.

This article analyzes the proposal of psychology linked to education in the work Psychologie Pédagogique. L'enfant. L'adolescent. Le jeune homme(1916/1938a), in the light of a Notice published in the Revista do Ensino [Teaching Magazine], in 1930, which recommended the reading of this book to teachers in the context of educational reform in Minas Gerais state. The article investigates these two sources using as reference Feldhay's definition of science cultural field, the concept of accommodation proposed by Massimi and Chartier's elaborations on readers' tactics, reading practices and editorial choices. The text is organized into three topics: recommending readings for teachers' education, the value and limits of the scientific method in education, pedagogical psychology, and the functioning of complex higher functions. The research shows that the reading of Psychologie Pédagogiquewas recommended due to the fact that it establishes a settlement between Catholic doctrine and modern pedagogical knowledge, as well asfor presenting a scientific psychology capable of considering the spiritual and supernatural dimension of the human being.Keywords: History of Psychology; education; Jesuits.

Traços do ensino nightingaleano na formação da enfermeira cearense / Rasgos de enseñanza nightingaleana en la formación de enfermeras en ceará / Traits of nightingale teaching in the training of nurses from ceará

RESUMO Objetivo: descrever os traços do ensino Nightingaleano na formação da enfermeira cearense. Métodos: este estudo histórico é de natureza qualitativa. A história cultural foi o referencial teórico e metodológico do estudo. As fontes primárias foram constituídas de documentos escritos, arquivados no Núcleo de Documentação Informação História e Memória da Enfermagem no Ceará e a entrevista oral teve a participação de três professoras enfermeira/egressas da Escola de Enfermagem São Vicente de Paulo-Ceará. A análise dos documentos escritos foi guiada por Luchese. Já os documentos sonoros apoiaram-se em Albert. Resultados: a Escola de Enfermagem São Vicente de Paulo teve influência da Escola Anna Nery, configurando-se com a adoção do modelo anglo-americano, sendo um desdobramento Nightingaleano, distinguindo-se do modelo americano apenas neste quesito: escolas funcionando anexas a hospitais, demonstrando um ensino que privilegiava estágios hospitalares. Conclusão: o estudo em questão avança na origem do ensino cearense e acredita-se que reconhecer essa premissa contribuirá para ampliar o olhar da Enfermagem cearense, assim como refletir seu papel, sua imagem, sua identidade profissional perpassada ao longo da história da profissão.

RESUMEN Objetivo: describir los rasgos de la enseñanza Nightingaleana en la formación de enfermeras de Ceará. Métodos: Este estudio histórico es de naturaleza cualitativa. La historia cultural fue el marco teórico y metodológico del estudio. Las fuentes primarias consistieron en documentos escritos, archivados en el Centro de Documentación de Información, Historia y Memoria de la Enfermería de Ceará, y a la entrevista oral asistieron tres profesoras, enfermeras, egresadas de la Escuela de Enfermería São Vicente de Paulo, Ceará. El análisis de documentos escritos fue guiado por Luchese. Los documentos sonoros fueron apoyados por Albert. Resultados: la Escuela de Enfermería de São Vicente de Paulo fue influenciada por la Escuela Anna Nery, configurándose con la adopción del modelo angloamericano, siendo un despliegue Nightingaleano, distinguiéndose del modelo estadounidense solo en este aspecto: escuelas en funcionamiento adyacentes a hospitales, demostrando una enseñanza que favoreció las prácticas hospitalarias. Conclusión: el estudio en cuestión avanza en los orígenes de la docencia en Ceará y se cree que reconocer esta premisa ayudará a ampliar la perspectiva de la Enfermería en Ceará, así como a reflejar su rol, imagen, su identidad profesional permeada a lo largo de la historia de la profesión.

ABSTRACT Objective: to describe the features of Nightingale teaching in the training of nurses from Ceará. Methods: this historical study is qualitative in nature. Cultural history was the theoretical and methodological framework of the study. The primary sources consisted of written documents, filed at the Center for Documentation Information, History and Memory of Nursing in Ceará, and the oral interview was attended by three professors, nurses, graduates from the Escola de Enfermagem São Vicente de Paulo, Ceará. The analysis of written documents was guided by Luchese. The sound documents were supported by Albert. Results: the Escola de Enfermagem São Vicente de Paulo was influenced by the Escola Anna Nery, configuring itself with the adoption of the Anglo-American model, being a Nightingalean offshoot, distinguishing itself from the American model only in this aspect: schools functioning adjacent to hospitals, demonstrating a teaching that favored hospital internships. Conclusion: the study in question advances the origins of teaching in Ceará and it is believed that recognizing this premise will contribute to broadening the perspective of Nursing in Ceará, as well as reflecting its role, image, professional identity permeated throughout the history of the profession.

Un precursor de la pedagogía médica en España: Francesc Salvà I Campillo / A pioneer of medical education in Spain: Francesc Salvà I Campillo

Buscando antecedentes y pioneros de la pedagogía médica en España, se recupera la figura y obra del médico y docente catalán Francesc Salvà I Campillo (1751-1828) mediante la revisión historiográfica de libros sobre enseñanza de la medicina, que no libros de texto ni monografías especializadas, escritos por Salvà, un personaje polifacético e ilustrado. Se muestran las concepciones pedagógicas del autor sobre la 'enseñanza del arte de curar' basada en el estudio de casos. Sus escritos a modo de ensayos muestran una gran preocupación por la mejora de la enseñanza de la medicina en Cataluña y en el resto de España. Además, son de una lectura amena y atañen a aspectos hoy en día todavía de gran actualidad: la financiación de los estudios médicos, el enfoque práctico de la enseñanza y la importancia de la higiene para la mejora de las condiciones de vida de un proletariado industrial entonces emergente en Cataluña. Francesc Salvà I Campillo bien puede considerarse el precursor de la pedagogía médica española con una indudable influencia posterior a lo largo del siglo XIX

Looking for background and pioneers of medical education in Spain, the figure and work of the Catalonian doctor and teacher Francesc Salvà I Campillo (1751-1828) is recovered, through a historiographical review of books on teaching of medicine, but no textbooks nor specialized monographs, written by Salvà, a multifaceted and enlightened character. The author's pedagogical conceptions about the 'teaching of the art of healing' based on case studies are shown. His writings as essays show great concern for the improvement of the teaching of medicine in Catalonia and in the rest of Spain. In addition, they are of a pleasant reading on aspects that still concern high-date issues today: the financing of medical studies, the practical approach to teaching and the importance of hygiene for improving the living conditions of a proletariat from the industrial sector then emerging in Catalonia. Francesc Salvà I Campillo may well be considered the forerunner of Spanish medical education with an undoubted subsequent influence throughout the 19th century

[Modelled Development. Practices of Human Embryology at Göttingen University in the Second Half of the Twentieth Century]. / Modellierte Individualentwicklung. Humanembryologische Praktiken an der Universität Göttingen in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts.

The Human Embryology Collection at the Centre of Anatomy Göttingen, created between 1942 and 1970, represents a unique interrelation of histological sectional series of human embryos and large-format physical models open to the public based on them. The collection was established long after the heyday of human embryology. It is also remarkable in another aspect: while usually models within the discipline are considered research objects, Göttingen embryologist Erich Blechschmidt (1904-1992) based his understanding on a pedagogical impetus. The article highlights the distinctive and unconventional features of Blechschmidt's undertaking against its disciplinary background. My focus lies on the two practices that are central to human embryology-collecting and modelling-, as well as the derived collection stocks. The special tension between individuality and universality that already characterized the process of their creation is also reflected in the later use of the collection. This tension allowed Blechschmidt to utilize the models in embryological research and anatomical teaching as well as in the broad social debate on abortion and the ethical status of human embryos.

Reminiscências da Teoria Tradicional do Currículo: um mapeamento da conjuntura norte-americana sobre o inaugurar do século XX / Reminiscencias de la teoría tradicional del currículo: un mapeo de la conjunción norteamericana sobre el inaugurar del siglo XX / Curriculum traditional theory reminiscences: north american conjecture mapping on the 20th century inauguration

O presente estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa bibliográfica objetivada a compreender o sentido dado à dinâmica curricular a partir das nuances sócio­político­culturais que se protagonizaram nos Estados Unidos da América durante o primeiro meado do século passado. Configura-se em cinco tópicos consequentes, a partir de um espectro histórico, que discorrem desde o processo de institucionalização da educação em massa, fomentador do surgimento da Teoria Curricular Tradicional (primórdios do século passado), até o momento de crise da proposta curricular de Tyler (meados do século XX). Também é alvo de especulação deste estudo, no decorrer do trajeto histórico considerado, evidenciar as contribuições de Dewey e Bobbit frente à Teoria Tradicional do Currículo. O esforço de síntese paira sobre o desfalecimento desta perspectiva curricular frente à necessidade humana pela reconfiguração do abarrotado cenário educacional norte-americano.(AU)

Este estudio se caracteriza como una investigación bibliográfica objetivada a comprender el sentido dado a la dinámica curricular a partir de los matices socio-político-culturales que se protagonizaron en los Estados Unidos de América durante el primer mediado del siglo pasado. Se configura en cinco tópicos consecuentes, a partir de un espectro histórico, que discurren desde el proceso de institucionalización de la educación masiva, fomentador del surgimiento de la Teoría Curricular Tradicional (primordios del siglo pasado), hasta el momento de crisis de la propuesta curricular de Tyler (mediados del siglo XX). También es objeto de especulación de este estudio, en el curso del trayecto histórico considerado, evidenciar las contribuciones de Dewey y Bobbit frente a la Teoría Tradicional del Currículo. El esfuerzo de síntesis sobre el desfase de esta perspectiva curricular frente a la necesidad humana por la reconfiguración del abarrotado escenario educativo norteamericano. Palabras clave: Historia del currículo; teoría curricular; pedagogía tradicional.(AU)

This study is characterized as a bibliographical research aimed at understanding the meaning given to curricular dynamics from the socio-political-cultural nuances that perform a key role in the United States of America during the last century first half. It is based on five sequential topics that range from the institutionalization process of mass education, fomenting the Traditional Curricular Theory emergence (early in the last century), until the Tyler curricular proposal crisis (mid twentieth century). It is also speculation in this study, during the historical course considered, to highlight the Dewey and Bobbit contributions to the Traditional Theory of Curriculum. The synthesis effort hovers on the fading of this curricular perspective in front of the human need for the educational scene North American reconfiguration.(AU)

Anatomy theaters in the history and teaching of surgery.

The study of anatomy has played a large part in the progress of scientific observation throughout the centuries and was pivotal in elevating anatomy from the magical thinking of the Hippocrates era and freeing it from subservience to medicine which was all-powerful in the past. Anatomy theaters appeared in Northern Italy in the 14th century and developed in Western Europe from the early 16th century to the beginning of the 19th century. Anatomy theaters lived their golden age in France during the 18th century when the Royal Academy of Surgery (Académieroyaledechirurgie) was created in 1743. These theaters were open to the public, and therefore offered the double vocation of teaching and public entertainment: they were used to teach anatomy and surgery to students and surgeons and offered distraction for the well-informed public that was fascinated by death, ever-present and familiar to all. Anatomical dissection accomplished a double ritual: the "profane" ritual of valorization of scientific knowledge and the "sacred" ritual, where mankind, obsessed with death, respected the human body considered as a divine image. Anatomy theaters declined as they became overshadowed by progress in anatomical teaching using well-illustrated works in well-equipped medical schools while exhibition of anatomic oddities for public amusement was relegated to fairs and circus sideshows. Nonetheless they opened the way to modern anatomo-clinical methods and surgery.

Histology and Embryology Education in China: The Current Situation and Changes Over the Past 20 Years.

In mainland China, histology and embryology (HE) are taught in one course as an essential component of medical curricula. The effectiveness of HE courses directly affects the quality of medical students. To determine the present situation and changes in HE teaching in Chinese medical schools, a nationwide survey was conducted among the HE departmental leaders. In total, 66 responses were included in the study, representing prominent Chinese mainland medical schools. The results revealed that most HE teachers have medical educational backgrounds; an increasing number of teaching staff with PhDs have joined the teaching staffs. A range of 71 to 90 HE curriculum contact hours is predominant. The ratio of theory to practice for HE contact hours is 1:1 at half of the surveyed medical schools. The numbers of students in each laboratory are less than 30 and from 31 to 60 at 23 and 36 medical schools, respectively. Virtual microscopy is employed in 40% of the surveyed medical schools. Didactic teaching is the most common strategy, although new teaching approaches are being employed gradually. During the past 20 years, both the total number of HE teachers and the number of HE teachers with medical educational backgrounds have been reduced in at least half of the surveyed schools. A total of 83.33% of the surveyed schools have reduced their HE contact hours. Almost half of the Chinese medical schools remained unchanged in both their ratio of theory to practice and the number of students in each laboratory. The data derived from this study help to understand the development of the HE discipline at Chinese medical schools.

Survey of Gross Anatomy Education in China: The Past and the Present.

Medical education in mainland China has undergone massive expansion and reforms in the past decades. A nation-wide survey of the five-year clinical medicine programs aimed to examine the course hours, pedagogies, learning resources and teaching staff of anatomy both at present and over the past three decades (1990-1999, 2000-2009, and 2010-2018). The directors or senior teachers from 90 out of the 130 five-year clinical medicine programs were invited to fill out a factual questionnaire by email. Ultimately, sixty-five completed questionnaires were received from 65 different schools. It was found that the total number of gross anatomy course hours has decreased by 11% in the past 30 years and that systematic and regional anatomy have been increasingly taught separately among the surveyed medical schools. Problem-based learning has been adopted in thirty-five (54%) of the surveyed schools, and team-based learning is used in ten (15%) of the surveyed schools. The surveyed schools reported receiving more donated cadavers in recent years, with the average number increasing from 20.67 ± 20.29 in 2000-2009 to 36.10 ± 47.26 in 2010-2018. However, this has not resulted in a decrease in the number of students who needed to share one cadaver (11.85 ± 5.03 in 1990-1999 to 14.22 ± 5.0 in 2010-2018). A decreasing trend regarding the teacher-student ratio (1:25.5 in 2000-2009 to 1:33.2 in 2010-2018) was also reported. The survey demonstrated the historical changes in gross anatomy education in China over the past thirty years.

Contextualizing Instructional Technology to the Demands of Nursing Education.

This article reviews current technologies in nursing education and the impact of technology on learning. The integration of technology into nursing curricula is thought to improve efficiency and enhance student experiences through active learning and interactive learning designs. The following focused questions are explored: (1) What are the current technologies used by university students and faculty in nursing programs? (2) How does that technology influence student learning? The primary themes were student-centered technology, with five subthemes, and faculty-centered technology. Consumers of healthcare (patients) demand quality care and expect highly skilled, compassionate, ethical practitioners; to this end, training and education of future nurses by skilled, qualified nurse educators who are comfortable with technological demands of all aspects of healthcare are fundamental. While it is essential that nurses and nurse educators continue to publish as a mechanism for open discussion and transparency in our teaching and learning approaches, we need higher levels of evidence to strengthen the argument that technology improves the learning environment and student outcomes and has a positive impact on clinical settings and patient care.

Tempos e espaços de ginástica: sentidos e sensibilidades que se educam / Times and spaces of gymnastics: senses and sensitivities educated / Tiempos y espacios de gimnasia: sentidos y sensibilidades que se educan

O artigo tem como objetivo observar prescrições sobre a definição dos espaços e dos tempos para a prática da ginástica nas escolas, no período compreendido entre as três últimas décadas do século XIX e as duas primeiras do século XX. Para a sua escrita, foram mobilizadas diferentes fontes documentais, como programas de ensino, propostas legislativas e manuais de ginástica. A partir das análises foi possível perceber que a escolarização da ginástica representou não apenas a resposta a um novo tipo de sensibilidade, mas a sua produção, como a própria definição de novos valores e costumes na viragem dos oitocentos para o início do século XX

This research aims to observe prescriptions about definition of spaces and times for the practice of gymnastics in schools between the last three decades of the 19th century and the first two decades of the 20th century. Various documentary sources were used, such as teaching programs, legislative proposals, and gymnastics manuals. The analysis pointed out that gymnastics schooling was not only a response to a new type of sensitivity but also its production as the very definition of new values and customs at the turn of the 20th century

El artículo tiene como objetivo observar prescripciones sobre la definición de los espacios y de los tiempos para la práctica de gimnasia en las escuelas, en el periodo comprendido entre las tres últimas décadas del siglo XIX y las dos primeras del siglo XX. Fueron movilizadas diferentes fuentes documentales, como programas de enseñanza, propuestas legislativas y manuales de gimnasia. A partir de los análisis fue posible percibir que la escolarización de la gimnasia representó no solo la respuesta a un nuevo tipo de sensibilidad, sino la definición de nuevos valores y costumbres a fines del siglo XIX e inicios del XX